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Estimated Postharvest Losses (%) 2003 - 2017

The figures quoted in the tables below are estimates of cumulative weight loss from production incurred during harvesting, drying, handling operations, farm storage, transport and market storage. The loss values for each link in the postharvest chain are taken from the scientific literature and are modified by several seasonal factors that vary from year to year and are submitted by the APHLIS network. More details can be found in the ‘Understanding APHLIS’ manual and the ‘Weight Loss Review’ article. The first loss table gives a regional weighted average PHL by crop. By clicking on the various country links it is possible to see the PHL by crop for country and then for each province. By clicking on a provincial loss figures it is possible to display the key data used in the calculation, including the seasonal data. The figures used for estimating the PHLs are displayed and a quality assessment is given of these figures as to whether they are specific to the cereal type, farm type and climate in question and the bibliographical source of the data can also be traced in a full reference list.

for Millets in : Nigeria

Provinces of Nigeria

Click on a loss figure in the table below to see in detail how the figure was derived. Send us your comments if you have the feeling that the underlying data and assumptions could be improved.

Please sent your comments to info(at)phlosses.net.

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Province 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Abia   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Adamawa 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -    -  11.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Akwa Ibom   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Anambra   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Bauchi 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -  11.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Bayelsa   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  10.1  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Benue 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Borno   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  8.3  -    -  8.3  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Cross River   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Delta   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ebonyi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Edo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ekiti   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Enugu   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Federal Capital Territory -Abuja 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -  11.211.2  -  11.211.2  -    -    -    -    -  
Gombe   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  11.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Imo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Jigawa 8.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.3  -  8.38.38.38.3  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kaduna 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -  11.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kano 8.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.3  -  8.3  -  8.38.3  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Katsina 8.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.3  -  8.38.3  -  8.3  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kebbi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  11.211.211.2  -  11.2  -    -    -    -    -  
Kogi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kwara 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Lagos   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Nassarawa 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Niger   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  11.211.211.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -  
Ogun   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ondo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Osun   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Oyo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Plateau 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Rivers   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Sokoto   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  8.38.38.3  -    -    -    -    -  
Taraba 11.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.211.2  -  11.2  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Yobe   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  8.38.3  -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Zamfara 8.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.3  -  8.3  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
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Estimated Postharvest Losses (t) 2003 - 2017

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Province 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Abia   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Adamawa 3963901190658746463446446446469  -    -  15  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Akwa Ibom   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Anambra   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Bauchi 27748193652642227932266182565828556314003014432405  -  2723446  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Bayelsa   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  1  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Benue 53994366475844854577472346694701  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Borno   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  15  -    -  70  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Cross River   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Delta   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ebonyi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Edo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ekiti   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Enugu   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Federal Capital Territory -Abuja 54977063410431339109310619871012815  -  22  -  3328  -    -    -    -    -  
Gombe   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  17338  -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Imo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Jigawa 60594257563467229331236931996122842210512252928621  -  15447625  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kaduna 20962211862309224214379343894439045393363934039341  -  1122900  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kano 32570396841834419520131281806317055202951928016903  -  334  -  95710  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Katsina 34158416192307018248167021613019340181771902418848  -  574  -  11  -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kebbi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  17631120234  -  234  -    -    -    -    -  
Kogi   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Kwara 92019183228210216581826132413395601074  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Lagos   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Nassarawa 2940393041354285334711863570357040132993  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Niger   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  8457151317  -    -    -    -    -  
Ogun   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Ondo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Osun   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Oyo   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Plateau 1014213561142691478511547409212317123171384510327  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Rivers   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Sokoto   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  13014874  -    -    -    -    -  
Taraba 33514473560268072403771812203123181249812339  -  1  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Yobe   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  00  -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Zamfara 12446151772338123340231722591623632234382401523444  -  7  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
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Weighted average

  • Country : Nigeria
  • Province : Adamawa
  • Climate : Tropical savanna (Aw)
  • Year : 2003
  • Crop : Millets


Annual production and losses
  tonne %
Production 4000 100
Grain remaining 3554 88.8
Lost grain 446 11.2

Seasonal production and losses
Season Farm Type Production (t) Remaining (t) Losses (t) Production (%) Remaining (%) Losses (%)
1 small 4000 3554 446 100.0 88.8 11.2
Seasonal: 4000 3554 446 100.0 88.8 11.2

NB Annual averages are a weighted average of the seasons

PHL (%) Calculation

PHL (%) Calculation: Season: 1 Farm Type: small
Grain marketed within the first three months after harvest (%) no data
If data is missing (no data) it is assumed that for subsistence farmers all grain is stored whereas for commercial farmers all grain is marketed.

Note: Figures in this table are farm type specific (small or large farms). The value Grain marketed within the first three months after harvest (%) is used to determine the percentage of total production that is stored and marketed by this type of farm in this particular season (Season 1, Season 2 etc). The calculation only considers the portion that is produced by this type of farm. Consequently, the figures below for Stored (%) and Marketed (%) will only add up to 100% if all grain in a particular season is produced on this farm type. Otherwise the corresponding percent figures for the other farm type, in the same season, must be included to arrive at a sum of 100%.
Rain at harvest no data
If weather is damp at harvest, leading to exceptional mould damage to the crop, then the value is yes and the Harvesting/field drying losses figure in the PHL profile is replaced by 16.3%.
Storage duration (months) no data
Effect of storage duration:
  1. 0-3 months % figure for storage is 0 (zero)
  2. 3-6 months the % figure of the PHL profile is divided by 2
  3. More than 6 months or in case of missing data (no data) the % figure in the general profile is used
Larger Grain Borer no data
If the crop is maize and the value is yes then the Farm storage loss figure in the PHL profile is multiplied by 2.
  Destination Stored (%) Marketed (%)
    100 0
Stages PHL profile (adjusted) Remaining grain Loss increment Remaining grain Loss increment
Harvesting/field drying 3.5 96.5 3.5 0 0
Platform drying 0 96.5 0 0 0
Threshing and Shelling 2 94.6 1.9 0 0
Winnowing 2.5 92.2 2.4 0 0
Transport to farm 2.5 89.9 2.3 0 0
Farm storage 1.2 88.8 1.1 0 0
Transport to market 1 88.8 0 0 0
Market storage 2.7 88.8 0 0 0
Total   88.8 11.2 0 0

PHL profile: Data quality display and references to sources

PHL profiles are used to calculate losses, each profile consists of a series of values, one for each link in the postharvest chain. Each value in the PHL profile is formed from the average of several figures drawn from the available literature. All these figures are shown individually in the tables below. Separate PHL profiles are given for small farms and large (commercial) farms. The reliability of each datum contributing to the calculation of each PHL profile value is displayed in the table below. The assessment is based on how specific the figure is to the situation in which it is being used. To do this, each figure is assessed according to whether it is from the same Cereal type (maize, rice etc), same Climate type (is from same Koeppen code), same Farm type (from a small farm or large commercial farm), and if the Method of loss assessment was an actual measurement of loss or was a questionnaire survey or guesstimate. The result of the assessment is indicated using the red/0 and green/1 system as follows -

0 A datum used in the calculation of a PHL profile value is not specific to this situation or is from a questionnaire survey or a guesstimate, i.e. is not measured.

1 A datum used in the calculation of a PHL profile value is specific to this situation or is measured.

PHL profile figures based on more 'green/1' data are considered to be more reliable than those based on more 'red/0' data. Against each PHL profile value the number of 'red/0' and 'green/1' assessments is averaged, and displayed in bold, to give a general assessment of the value. Frequently some parts of the profile are more reliable than others, especially those where more loss data are available from the literature.

References and individual loss figures % for small farms
  Origin of figure
Stages Loss figure Reference Cereal Climate Farm type Method
  2.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 0 1 0
  5.0 Vervroegen D. - 1990 Title:
Project for the identification of post-production grain losses and training on their eeduction in Wollo Region, Ethiopia. FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses.
Source:
FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses. United Nations Food and Agricaulture Organisation, pp. 17
Author:
Vervroegen D. and Yehwola F.
Year of publication: 1990
Region: Wollo Region
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 1 1 0
Harvesting/field drying 3.5   0 1 1 0
  1.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 0 1 0
  3.0 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi
1 0 1 0
Threshing and Shelling 2.0   1 0 1 0
  0.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 0 1 0
  5.0 Vervroegen D. - 1990 Title:
Project for the identification of post-production grain losses and training on their eeduction in Wollo Region, Ethiopia. FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses.
Source:
FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses. United Nations Food and Agricaulture Organisation, pp. 17
Author:
Vervroegen D. and Yehwola F.
Year of publication: 1990
Region: Wollo Region
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 1 1 0
Winnowing 2.5   0 1 1 0
  2.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 0 1 0
  3.0 Vervroegen D. - 1990 Title:
Project for the identification of post-production grain losses and training on their eeduction in Wollo Region, Ethiopia. FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses.
Source:
FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses. United Nations Food and Agricaulture Organisation, pp. 17
Author:
Vervroegen D. and Yehwola F.
Year of publication: 1990
Region: Wollo Region
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 1 1 0
Transport to farm 2.5   0 1 1 0
  0.7 Hodges R.J. - 2006 Title:
Post-harvest Team: Final report on the mahangu grain management survey and loss assessment baseline. National Agricultural Support Services Programme (NASSP).
Source:
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia, NASSP Report No. 006/2006, pp. 99.
Author:
Hodges R.J.
Year of publication: 2006
Region: mahangu
Geo focus: Namibia
1 1 1 1
  0.3 Pushpamma, P. - 1985 Title:
Storage of sorghum and millets at domestic level in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Source:
Bull. Grain Technol., 23: 50-60.
Author:
Pushpamma, P., Chittemma Rao, K., Sudhakar Reddy, K. & Prameela, D.
Year of publication: 1985
Region: Andhra Pradesh
Geo focus: India
1 0 1 1
  1.3 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi
1 0 1 0
  2.4 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi
1 1 1 0
Farm storage 1.2   1 1 1 1
  1.0 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa
0 0 1 0
Transport to market 1.0   0 0 1 0
  4.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia
0 0 1 0
  1.3 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana
0 1 1 0
Market storage 2.7   0 1 1 0