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Loss tables home - Maize - Ghana - Upper West / 2008

Estimated Postharvest Losses (%) 2003 - 2023

The figures quoted in the tables below are estimates of cumulative weight loss from production incurred during harvesting, drying, handling operations, farm storage, transport and market storage. The loss values for each link in the postharvest chain are taken from the scientific literature and are modified by several seasonal factors that vary from year to year and are submitted by the APHLIS network. More details can be found in the ‘Understanding APHLIS’ manual and the ‘Weight Loss Review’ article. The first loss table gives a regional weighted average PHL by crop. By clicking on the various country links it is possible to see the PHL by crop for country and then for each province. By clicking on a provincial loss figures it is possible to display the key data used in the calculation, including the seasonal data. The figures used for estimating the PHLs are displayed and a quality assessment is given of these figures as to whether they are specific to the cereal type, farm type and climate in question and the bibliographical source of the data can also be traced in a full reference list.

for Maize in : Ghana

Provinces of Ghana

Click on a loss figure in the table below to see in detail how the figure was derived. Send us your comments if you have the feeling that the underlying data and assumptions could be improved.

Please sent your comments to info(at)phlosses.net.

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Province 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Ashanti 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Brong Ahafo 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Central 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Eastern 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Greater Accra 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Northern 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Upper East 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Upper West 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Volta 18181818181818181818  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Western 17.417.417.417.417.417.417.417.417.417.4  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
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Estimated Postharvest Losses (t) 2003 - 2023

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Province 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Ashanti 34896329372911929553304813290433620455953126437790  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Brong Ahafo 53208506146446965429686397246480305918067823282777  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Central 44468287242958330024317114052740744351613641536440  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Eastern 43908434803715437707409405053154597684726553267481  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Greater Accra 470488378384499497596645803630  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Northern 14225134181740417663158422372827982364073465935090  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Upper East 3666263626092647157668849203112031354513550  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Upper West 1092510941853486617217993912715172781487316681  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Volta 1055096948562868989941311117466168951760915890  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
Western 1506014879125561274313125134991375212914977112184  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -  
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Weighted average

  • Country : Ghana
  • Province : Upper West
  • Climate : Tropical savanna (Aw)
  • Year : 2008
  • Crop : Maize

Annual production and losses
  tonne %
Production 55233 100
Grain remaining 45294 82.0
Lost grain 9939 18.0

Seasonal production and losses
Season Farm Type Production (t) Remaining (t) Losses (t) Production (%) Remaining (%) Losses (%)
1 small 55233 45294 9939 100.0 82.0 18.0
Seasonal: 55233 45294 9939 100.0 82.0 18.0

NB Annual averages are a weighted average of the seasons

PHL (%) Calculation

PHL (%) Calculation: Season: 1 Farm Type: small
Grain marketed within the first three months after harvest (%) no data
If data is missing (no data) it is assumed that for subsistence farmers all grain is stored whereas for commercial farmers all grain is marketed.

Note: Figures in this table are farm type specific (small or large farms). The value Grain marketed within the first three months after harvest (%) is used to determine the percentage of total production that is stored and marketed by this type of farm in this particular season (Season 1, Season 2 etc). The calculation only considers the portion that is produced by this type of farm. Consequently, the figures below for Stored (%) and Marketed (%) will only add up to 100% if all grain in a particular season is produced on this farm type. Otherwise the corresponding percent figures for the other farm type, in the same season, must be included to arrive at a sum of 100%.
Rain at harvest no data
If weather is damp at harvest, leading to exceptional mould damage to the crop, then the value is yes and the Harvesting/field drying losses figure in the PHL profile is replaced by 16.3%.
Storage duration (months) no data
Effect of storage duration:
  1. 0-3 months % figure for storage is 0 (zero)
  2. 3-6 months the % figure of the PHL profile is divided by 2
  3. More than 6 months or in case of missing data (no data) the % figure in the general profile is used
Larger Grain Borer no data
If the crop is maize and the value is yes then the Farm storage loss figure in the PHL profile is multiplied by 2.
  Destination Stored (%) Marketed (%)
    100 0
Stages PHL profile (adjusted) Remaining grain Loss increment Remaining grain Loss increment
Harvesting/field drying 6.4 93.6 6.4 0 0
Platform drying 4 89.8 3.7 0 0
Threshing and Shelling 1.3 88.7 1.2 0 0
Winnowing 0 88.7 0 0 0
Transport to farm 2.4 86.6 2.1 0 0
Farm storage 5.3 82 4.6 0 0
Transport to market 1.7 82 0 0 0
Market storage 2.7 82 0 0 0
Total   82 18 0 0

PHL profile: Data quality display and references to sources

PHL profiles are used to calculate losses, each profile consists of a series of values, one for each link in the postharvest chain. Each value in the PHL profile is formed from the average of several figures drawn from the available literature. All these figures are shown individually in the tables below. Separate PHL profiles are given for small farms and large (commercial) farms. The reliability of each datum contributing to the calculation of each PHL profile value is displayed in the table below. The assessment is based on how specific the figure is to the situation in which it is being used. To do this, each figure is assessed according to whether it is from the same Cereal type (maize, rice etc), same Climate type (is from same Koeppen code), same Farm type (from a small farm or large commercial farm), and if the Method of loss assessment was an actual measurement of loss or was a questionnaire survey or guesstimate. The result of the assessment is indicated using the red/0 and green/1 system as follows -

0 A datum used in the calculation of a PHL profile value is not specific to this situation or is from a questionnaire survey or a guesstimate, i.e. is not measured.

1 A datum used in the calculation of a PHL profile value is specific to this situation or is measured.

PHL profile figures based on more 'green/1' data are considered to be more reliable than those based on more 'red/0' data. Against each PHL profile value the number of 'red/0' and 'green/1' assessments is averaged, and displayed in bold, to give a general assessment of the value. Frequently some parts of the profile are more reliable than others, especially those where more loss data are available from the literature.

References and individual loss figures % for small farms
  Origin of figure
Stages Loss figure Reference Cereal Climate Farm type Method
  2.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 0 1 0
  9.9 Grolleaud M. - 1997 Title:
Post-Harvest Losses: Discovering the Full Story.
Source:
UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1997), pp. 34
Author:
Grolleaud M.
Year of publication: 1997
Geo focus: Global 		1 0 1 0
  5.8 Mvumi B.M. - 1995 Title:
The maize (Zea mays L.) post-production practices of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: findings from surveys.
Source:
Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa 1 (2), 115-130.
Author:
Mvumi B.M., Giga D.P. and Chiuswa D.V.
Year of publication: 1995
Geo focus: Zimbabwe 		1 0 1 0
  9.5 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa 		1 0 1 0
  5.0 Vervroegen D. - 1990 Title:
Project for the identification of post-production grain losses and training on their eeduction in Wollo Region, Ethiopia. FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses.
Source:
FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses. United Nations Food and Agricaulture Organisation, pp. 17
Author:
Vervroegen D. and Yehwola F.
Year of publication: 1990
Region: Wollo Region
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 1 1 0
  3.2 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  6.5 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  6.9 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  9.9 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  5.5 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana 		1 1 1 0
Harvesting/field drying 6.4   1 0 1 0
  3.5 Lars-Ove Jonsson - 1987 Title:
Relationship between drying, harvest and storage losses, production and consumption of maize for a rural household in Zambia.
Source:
In: Holmes J.C. (editor) Improving food crop production on smal farms in Africa. FAO/SIDA Seminar on increased Food Production through low-cost food crops technology, Harare (Zimbabwe), 2-17 March 1987.
Author:
Lars-Ove Jonsson and Kashweka K.
Year of publication: 1987
Geo focus: Zimbabwe 		1 0 1 0
  4.5 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa 		1 0 1 0
Platform drying 4.0   1 0 1 0
  1.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 0 1 0
  0.3 Grolleaud M. - 1997 Title:
Post-Harvest Losses: Discovering the Full Story.
Source:
UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1997), pp. 34
Author:
Grolleaud M.
Year of publication: 1997
Geo focus: Global 		1 0 1 0
  2.5 Mvumi B.M. - 1995 Title:
The maize (Zea mays L.) post-production practices of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: findings from surveys.
Source:
Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa 1 (2), 115-130.
Author:
Mvumi B.M., Giga D.P. and Chiuswa D.V.
Year of publication: 1995
Geo focus: Zimbabwe 		1 0 1 0
  1.0 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa 		1 0 1 0
  1.8 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana 		1 1 1 0
Threshing and Shelling 1.3   1 0 1 0
  2.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 0 1 0
  1.0 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa 		1 0 1 0
  3.0 Vervroegen D. - 1990 Title:
Project for the identification of post-production grain losses and training on their eeduction in Wollo Region, Ethiopia. FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses.
Source:
FAO terminal report, Action Programme for the prevention of Food Losses. United Nations Food and Agricaulture Organisation, pp. 17
Author:
Vervroegen D. and Yehwola F.
Year of publication: 1990
Region: Wollo Region
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 1 1 0
  2.0 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  2.3 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  4.0 Singano C. - 2008 Title:
Singano C. (pers comm.) Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Source:
Ppers comm. Principal Agricultural Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi.
Author:
Singano C.
Year of publication: 2008
Geo focus: Malawi 		1 0 1 0
  2.2 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana 		1 1 1 0
Transport to farm 2.4   1 0 1 0
  4.6 De Lima C.P.F. - 1979 Title:
The assessment of losses due to insects and rodents in maize stored for subsistence in Kenya.
Source:
Tropical Stored Products Information 38, pp21-25.
Author:
De Lima C.P.F.
Year of publication: 1979
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  5.2 De Lima C.P.F. - 1979 Title:
The assessment of losses due to insects and rodents in maize stored for subsistence in Kenya.
Source:
Tropical Stored Products Information 38, pp21-25.
Author:
De Lima C.P.F.
Year of publication: 1979
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  6.2 De Lima C.P.F. - 1979 Title:
The assessment of losses due to insects and rodents in maize stored for subsistence in Kenya.
Source:
Tropical Stored Products Information 38, pp21-25.
Author:
De Lima C.P.F.
Year of publication: 1979
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  7.3 De Lima C.P.F. - 1979 Title:
The assessment of losses due to insects and rodents in maize stored for subsistence in Kenya.
Source:
Tropical Stored Products Information 38, pp21-25.
Author:
De Lima C.P.F.
Year of publication: 1979
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  3.1 Giles P.H. - 1986 Title:
Post-maturity grain losses in the field. In: Maize Conservation on the farm.
Source:
Proceedings of a seminar at Kisumu, Kenta 21-23 Janaury 1986. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya. pp 1-21.
Author:
Giles P.H.
Year of publication: 1986
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  6.1 Giles P.H. - 1986 Title:
Conservation of maize in various farm storage management systems.
Source:
In: Maize Conservation on the farm. Proceedings of a seminar at Kisumu, Kenta 21-23 Janaury 1986. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya. pp 94-113.
Author:
Giles P.H.
Year of publication: 1986
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  4.6 Nyambo B.T. - 1993 Title:
Post-harvest maize and sorghum grain losses in tradtional and imporved stores in South Nyanza district, Kenya.
Source:
International Journal of Pest Management, 39(2) 181-187
Author:
Nyambo B.T.
Year of publication: 1993
Region: South Nyanza district
Geo focus: Kenya 		1 1 1 1
  5.0 SSEAD - 1997 Title:
Amhara national Regional State, Bureau of Agriculture, Regional Crop Pest Survey Report on Insect Pests.
Source:
Addis Ababa (quoted in detail in Boxall 1998)
Author:
SSEAD Consultancy
Year of publication: 1997
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		1 1 1 0
Farm storage 5.3   1 1 1 1
  1.0 Odogola W.R. - 1991 Title:
Post harvest management and storage of maize.
Source:
UNDP/OPS Regional Programme, Harare December 1991. (very useful background on post-harvest handling)
Author:
Odogola W.R. and Henriksson R.
Year of publication: 1991
Geo focus: Africa 		1 0 1 0
  2.3 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana 		1 1 1 0
Transport to market 1.7   1 1 1 0
  4.0 Boxall R.A. - 1998 Title:
Grains post-harvest loss assessment in Ethiopia.
Source:
Final report NRI Report No 2377. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. pp 44.
Author:
Boxall RA
Year of publication: 1998
Geo focus: Ethiopia 		0 0 1 0
  1.3 Egyir I.S. - 2011 Title:
M&E System for post harvest losses (Pilot Study)
Source:
Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Final Report. Pp. 106
Author:
Egyir I.S., Sarpong D.B. and Obeng-Ofori D.
Year of publication: 2011
Geo focus: Ghana 		1 1 1 0
Market storage 2.7   1 1 1 0